Oleh : Mohamed Hanipa Maidin
Sarjana Perlembagaan menyatakan apabila Mahkamah menafsirkan Perlembagaan seperti menafsirkan surat wasiat ( a will ) , Perlembagaan akan mati. Pada 5/2/2010 yang lalu Perlembagaan Perak boleh dikatakan telah disytiharkan mati apabila 5 orang Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan menafsirkan Perlembagaan Perak seperti menafsirkan surat wasiat.
Sebagai peguam kepada Nizar yang ada di Mahkamah pada hari itu dan mendengar Hakim membaca keputusan kes Nizar v Zambry ianya sama seperti mana Abdul Wahub mendengar peguam Abdul Wahab dan Abdul Wahib membaca wasiat bapa mereka Ismet Ulam Raja di dalam filem Tiga Abdul arahan Tan Sri P.Ramlee. Abdul Wahib dan Abdul Wahib tanpa segan silu menipu dan membuli Abdul Wahub dengan berselindung di atas kalimah demokrasi terpimpin.
Di dalam penghakimannya Mahkamah Persekutuan menolak hujah peguam Nzar tentang keperluan undi tidak percaya dibuat di dalam sidang DUN Perak bagi menentukan sama ada Nizar benar-benar kehilangan kepercayaan ahli-ahli DUN. Alasan Mahkamah menolak hujah itu amat lucu sekali. Alasannya adalah tiada dinyatakan di dalam Artikel 16 ( 6 ) Perlembagaan Perak bahawa kehilangan kepercayaan ke atas MB mesti dibuat melalui undi tidak percaya.
Jawapan mudah kepada alasan itu adalah jika perkataan undi tidak percaya ada di dalam Artikel 16 ( 6 ) itu tidak perlulah Nizar pergi ke Mahkamah untuk meminta Mahkamah menafsirkan Perkara 16 ( 6 ) itu ?
Ya, benar memang tiada di dalam Perkara 16 ( 6 ) Perlembagaan Perak frasa yang menyatakan bahawa kehilangan kepercayaan ke atas MB dibuat mesti dibuat melalui undi tidak percaya di dalam sidang DUN. Tapi bukankah dalam Perlembagaan banyak perkara lain yang juga tidak dinyatakan secara spesifik. Sebagai contoh wujudkah di dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan mana-mana peruntukkan mengenai jawatan Timbalan Perdana Menteri ( TPM ) ? Jawabnya tidak ada .
Kalau menggunakan logik Mahkamah Persekutuan jawatan yang disandang oleh Muhyiddin sekarang adalah tidak menepati Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Tetapi mengapakah Najib masih melantik Muhyiddin sebagai TPM –jawatan yang tidak wujud dalam Perlembagaan.
Mari kita lihat perkara lain yang juga tidak dinyatakan di dalam Perlembagaan tetapi diamalkan selama ini di negara ini. Kewujudan pelbagai jawatankuasa di dalam Parlimen dan Kabinet juga tidak dinyatakan di dalam Perlembagaan. Peruntukkan masa di dalam sidang Parlimen bagi ahli-ahli Parlimen khususnya pembangkang untuk bertanya soalan kepada Perdana Menteri dan Menteri-Menteri juga tidak ada di dalam Perlembagaan.
Persoalannya mengapakah dalam keadaan ketiadaan peruntukan khusus tentang perkara –perkara yang saya nyatakan tersebut , negara ini masih mengamalkan dan melaksanakan perkara-perkara tersebut ?
Jawapannya adalah “constitutional convention” ( amalan Perlembagaan ). Amalan Perlembagaan, menurut Sir Ivor Jennings adalah satu daripada sumber Perlembagaan. Amalan Perlembagaan , kata Ivor Jennings adalah “ the flesh which clothe the dry bones of the law” ( adalah daging yang menutupi tulang-tulang kering undang-undang ). Ia adalah sepertimana kata sarjana Perlembagaan “ peraturan yang bukan legal ( sah ) bagi menjadikan peraturan yang sah berfungsi.” ( “ the non legal rules which make the legal rules work.” ). Secara mudahnya amalan Perlembagan adalah menambah apa yang kurang di dalam Perlembagaan.
Jika Mahkamah Persekutuan menolak hujah Nizar bahawa tidak perlu ada undi tidak percaya di dalam sidang DUN bagi menentukan sama ada Nizar masih mendapat kepercayaan di atas alasan peruntukkan mengenai undi tidak percaya tidak ada di dalam Perkara 16 ( 6 ) Perlembagaan Perak maka hujah yang sama juga kita boleh gunakan bahawa tidak ada juga dinyatakan di dalam Perkara 16 ( 6 ) bahawa cara menentukan Nizar hilang kepercayaan perlu dibuat di dalam Istana dengan kehadiran Najib ( yang bukan ADUN Perak ) tanpa kehadiran Nizar sebagai MB yang masih sah ketika itu. Bukankah Perlembagaan Perak menyatakan segala tindakan Sultan adalah atas nasihat seorang MB iaitu pada ketika itu nasihat Nizar wajar diambil terlebih dahulu.kerana beliau masih MB yang sah.
Dalam keadaan kedua-dua cara tidak dinyatakan di dalam Perlembagaan ( sama ada undi tidak percaya dalam DUN atau dibuat di luar DUN seperti di Istana ) Mahkamah seharusnya melihat kepada amalan Perlembagaan. Sudah tentu amalan Perlembagaan yang boleh dikatakan diterima pakai di dalam semua negara di dunia ini adalah kaedah untuk menentukan seorang MB sudah hilang kepercayaan adalah dengan melalui undi tidak percaya di dalam DUN. Cara tersebut lebih bertamadun dan demokratik.
Satu lagi perkara lucu yang Mahkamah Persekutuan lakukan adalah apabila ia menerima pakai apa yang dikatakan oleh Y.M Raja Azlan Shah J. ( pada masa itu ) di dalam kes Loh Koi Choon v Kerajaan Malaysia bahawa di dalam menafsirkan Perlembagaan Mahkamah tidak perlu melihat atau terikat kepada kes-kes di negara lain seperti kes di India .
Tapi dalam masa yang sama Mahkamah Persekutuan telah merujuk dan menerima pakai satu kes di India iaitu kes Mahabir Chandra Prasad Sharma, petitioner v Prafulla Chandra Ghose and others, Respondents AIR 1960 Cal. 198 bagi menyokong penghakimannya bahawa seorang Gabenor ada kuasa memecat Ketua Menteri.
Yang lucunya bagaimanakah Mahkamah Persekutuan boleh dengan secara cuai mengguna pakai kes India tersebut untuk menyokong hujah bahawa Sultan juga boleh memecat Nizar jika Nizar enggan meletakkan jawatan
Tidakkah Mahkamah sedar bahawa di dalam Perlembagaan India ada peruntukkan yang jelas dan terang bahawa jika seorang Ketua Menteri enggan letak jawatan setelah diarahkan oleh Gabenor, Gabenor mempunyai kuasa untuk memecat Ketua Menteri. Wahai para hakim yang digelar orang bijaksana tunjukkan di dalam Artikel 16 ( 6 ) Perlembagaan Perak peruntukkan yang menyatakan bahawa Sultan ada kuasa memecat Nizar jika Nizar enggan letak jawatan ?
Kalau tidak ada bagaimanakah kamu boleh menggunakan analogi dengan kes di India yang secara jelas mempunyai peruntukkan yang berbeza.
Kalau inilah standard Mahkamah Persekutuan bagaimanakah rakyat boleh menghormati keputusan tersebut ? Masa akan menentukan bagaimana generasi akan datang akan pasti memandang jijik keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan sepertimana generasi sekarang sedang mula melakukannya
Kes Perak menunjukkan bahawa betapa mudahnya sebuah Kerajaan boleh jatuh tanpa melalui proses yang berlaku di dalam sidang DUN. Di mana Kerajaan itu jatuh bergantung di mana ahli poltik itu bertemu Sultan. Jika dia bertemu Sultan di Istana, Kerajaan itu boleh jatuh di Istana. Jika ia bertemu Sultan di wad hospital di wad hospital itulah kerajaan itu akan jatuh. Begitulah kesan keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan .
Hari ini Kerajaan Nizar jatuh di istana apabila Najib berjumpa Sultan di Istana . Siapa tahu akan datang Kerajaan Najib pula akan jatuh di padang golf jika ditakdirkan Anwar Ibrahim atau Ustaz Abdul Hadi Awang berjumpa Yang DiPertuan Agung di atas padang golf. Ketika itu Najib hanya boleh perhatikan kerajaannya bergolek sepertimana bergoleknya bola golf masuk ke dalam lubang !!!
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Monday, February 08, 2010
ANWAR-THE VICTIM OF OVERZEALOUS PROSECUTION
BY : MOHAMED HANIPA MAIDIN
I have been practising as a criminal lawyer for almost 16 years. I have considerable experience defending accused persons who were being charged for sexual related crimes. My experience tells me that the prosecution will never charge a person for an offence of rape or sodomy if the medical evidence is not favourable to them. It is almost an accepted rule of practice or a legal norm, as far as the offence of rape or sodomy is concerned, medical evidence operates as oxygen to the prosecution.
It seems to me that such a practice is no longer adhered to in the current ongoing trial of Anwar Ibrahim. When the accused person is Anwar Ibrahim the rule of game is suddenly and drastically changed. When Anwar is charged the prosecution no longer seems to gauge the strengths of its case on the available evidence they have. When Anwar Ibrahim is tried the prosecution will, come what may, happily proceed with the trial regardless whether it has fragile evidence or no evidence at all against him !!
The only crime Anwar committed in this case is for having the name, Anwar Ibrahim.
I believe that if another person by the name of Ibrahim Anwar or any other Ibrahims allegedly sodomised Saiful the prosecution would not charge such a person when provided with the medical report prepared by doctors in Pusat Rawatan Islam ( Pusrawi ) and Kuala Lumpur General Hospital respectively.
Both reports, as I was told by lawyers in Anwar’s legal team, contain a very damning evidence against the prosecution in that they unequivocally state that there are no visible signs of penetration of Saiful’s anus. As far as the report of the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital is concerned, it was duly signed by three doctors. So what the prosecution have in their possession are the reports certified by four doctors ( one from Pusrawi and three from KLGH ) apparently dismissing the prosecution’s theory that Saiful was ever sodomised by Anwar.
People may ask why the AG, despite such a damning evidence against the prosecution, is still adamant, and not withdraw the charge against Anwar?The reason is pretty obvious, that is the accused person is Anwar Ibrahim. When Anwar Ibrahim is tried the prosecution will not care even with the existence of a hundred medical reports exonerating Anwar Ibrahim of any sexual offence.
To the layman, this question may crop in their mind. Is the medical evidence really significant in Anwar’s trial ? The answer to that is a resounding yes. As I have indicated earlier the medical evidence is oxygen to the prosecution’s case. The prosecution case dies the moment oxygen disappears or malfunctions.
It is a rule of prudence, as the lawyers call it, in any sexual related crimes, the evidence of the complainant per se is legally insufficient . Such evidence must be corroborated by other independent evidence.
Translated into Anwar’s trial, Saiful’s evidence alone is not sufficient to convict Anwar. His evidence must be corroborated. Of course a corroboration is not needed for all crimes. But in sexual offences, corroboration is highly significant in order to support the factum ( act ) of the alleged sodomy.
Why corroborative evidence is necessary in sexual related cases ? The legal practitioners say such evidence is needed because of the nature of such offences. In any rape or sodomy case it is relatively easy to allege that a crime has been committed by such and such person but it is on the other hand difficult for any person who is being charged to such offences to disprove such an allegation.
We can see clearly even before the court passes any verdict on Anwar, judging from the media coverage which appeared in Utusan and other BN’s controlled media, Anwar is as good as being found “guilty” by these so called juries. The media coverage was so vicious that one wonders whether Anwar’s, or for that matter, his family’s dignity brings any value to this irresponsible media.
The law says if you accuse somebody of committing a sodomy against you the law requires you to furnish corroborative evidence to support your allegation. That is why even in Islamic criminal law if a person is charged for sodomy, the prosecution must bring four witnesses who really see the actual penetration. That shows Islam also takes into account corroborative evidence.
And in Islam the standard of proof in sodomy case is very high indeed that is the prosecution must prove its case beyond any shadow of doubt, and the present standard of proof in civil law which is only beyond reasonable doubt. Thus in Islam any iota of doubt must be ruled in favour of the accused based on the maxim that “ the offence of hudud is withdrawn whenever iota of doubt is present ” . Islam holds the view that it is much wiser for a judge to err in acquitting 10 guilty persons rather than to err in convicting even one innocent person !!
In sodomy , like a crime of rape, the essential element which needs to be proven by the prosecution is the act of penetration itself. In Islamic law the same element also needs to be established by the prosecution in certainty.
Now how is the prosecution able to prove the element of penetration if they do not produce the medical reports/evidence? And how are the medical reports in Anwar’s trial useful to prosecution if they clearly say no visible signs of penetration to Saiful’s anus. The medical evidence is supposed to corroborate Saiful’s evidence but apparently in this case the same medical reports in fact exonerate Anwar Ibrahim. The rule is so simple : no penetration no prosecution. But the AG seems to hold the view that yes, no penetration but mind you we still have persecution to do!!
It is beyond question if Anwar is tried under the Islamic law, the charge, as it is presently framed against him, will never see the light of the day. Seeing the oral testimony of Saiful so far one cannot avoid to jump to the conclusion that it was a groundless or trumped up charge.
The AG should exhibit a high level of professionalism and integrity in the Anwar’s case. Intellectual honesty dictates that the prosecution should withdraw the charge against Anwar Ibrahim. Period. To prosecute a person in the absence of credible evidence is definitely tantamount to a prosecutorial misconduct and wastage of public funds.
The day that AG becomes the tool of the crooked politicians should have passed after the election tsunami in 2008.
I have been practising as a criminal lawyer for almost 16 years. I have considerable experience defending accused persons who were being charged for sexual related crimes. My experience tells me that the prosecution will never charge a person for an offence of rape or sodomy if the medical evidence is not favourable to them. It is almost an accepted rule of practice or a legal norm, as far as the offence of rape or sodomy is concerned, medical evidence operates as oxygen to the prosecution.
It seems to me that such a practice is no longer adhered to in the current ongoing trial of Anwar Ibrahim. When the accused person is Anwar Ibrahim the rule of game is suddenly and drastically changed. When Anwar is charged the prosecution no longer seems to gauge the strengths of its case on the available evidence they have. When Anwar Ibrahim is tried the prosecution will, come what may, happily proceed with the trial regardless whether it has fragile evidence or no evidence at all against him !!
The only crime Anwar committed in this case is for having the name, Anwar Ibrahim.
I believe that if another person by the name of Ibrahim Anwar or any other Ibrahims allegedly sodomised Saiful the prosecution would not charge such a person when provided with the medical report prepared by doctors in Pusat Rawatan Islam ( Pusrawi ) and Kuala Lumpur General Hospital respectively.
Both reports, as I was told by lawyers in Anwar’s legal team, contain a very damning evidence against the prosecution in that they unequivocally state that there are no visible signs of penetration of Saiful’s anus. As far as the report of the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital is concerned, it was duly signed by three doctors. So what the prosecution have in their possession are the reports certified by four doctors ( one from Pusrawi and three from KLGH ) apparently dismissing the prosecution’s theory that Saiful was ever sodomised by Anwar.
People may ask why the AG, despite such a damning evidence against the prosecution, is still adamant, and not withdraw the charge against Anwar?The reason is pretty obvious, that is the accused person is Anwar Ibrahim. When Anwar Ibrahim is tried the prosecution will not care even with the existence of a hundred medical reports exonerating Anwar Ibrahim of any sexual offence.
To the layman, this question may crop in their mind. Is the medical evidence really significant in Anwar’s trial ? The answer to that is a resounding yes. As I have indicated earlier the medical evidence is oxygen to the prosecution’s case. The prosecution case dies the moment oxygen disappears or malfunctions.
It is a rule of prudence, as the lawyers call it, in any sexual related crimes, the evidence of the complainant per se is legally insufficient . Such evidence must be corroborated by other independent evidence.
Translated into Anwar’s trial, Saiful’s evidence alone is not sufficient to convict Anwar. His evidence must be corroborated. Of course a corroboration is not needed for all crimes. But in sexual offences, corroboration is highly significant in order to support the factum ( act ) of the alleged sodomy.
Why corroborative evidence is necessary in sexual related cases ? The legal practitioners say such evidence is needed because of the nature of such offences. In any rape or sodomy case it is relatively easy to allege that a crime has been committed by such and such person but it is on the other hand difficult for any person who is being charged to such offences to disprove such an allegation.
We can see clearly even before the court passes any verdict on Anwar, judging from the media coverage which appeared in Utusan and other BN’s controlled media, Anwar is as good as being found “guilty” by these so called juries. The media coverage was so vicious that one wonders whether Anwar’s, or for that matter, his family’s dignity brings any value to this irresponsible media.
The law says if you accuse somebody of committing a sodomy against you the law requires you to furnish corroborative evidence to support your allegation. That is why even in Islamic criminal law if a person is charged for sodomy, the prosecution must bring four witnesses who really see the actual penetration. That shows Islam also takes into account corroborative evidence.
And in Islam the standard of proof in sodomy case is very high indeed that is the prosecution must prove its case beyond any shadow of doubt, and the present standard of proof in civil law which is only beyond reasonable doubt. Thus in Islam any iota of doubt must be ruled in favour of the accused based on the maxim that “ the offence of hudud is withdrawn whenever iota of doubt is present ” . Islam holds the view that it is much wiser for a judge to err in acquitting 10 guilty persons rather than to err in convicting even one innocent person !!
In sodomy , like a crime of rape, the essential element which needs to be proven by the prosecution is the act of penetration itself. In Islamic law the same element also needs to be established by the prosecution in certainty.
Now how is the prosecution able to prove the element of penetration if they do not produce the medical reports/evidence? And how are the medical reports in Anwar’s trial useful to prosecution if they clearly say no visible signs of penetration to Saiful’s anus. The medical evidence is supposed to corroborate Saiful’s evidence but apparently in this case the same medical reports in fact exonerate Anwar Ibrahim. The rule is so simple : no penetration no prosecution. But the AG seems to hold the view that yes, no penetration but mind you we still have persecution to do!!
It is beyond question if Anwar is tried under the Islamic law, the charge, as it is presently framed against him, will never see the light of the day. Seeing the oral testimony of Saiful so far one cannot avoid to jump to the conclusion that it was a groundless or trumped up charge.
The AG should exhibit a high level of professionalism and integrity in the Anwar’s case. Intellectual honesty dictates that the prosecution should withdraw the charge against Anwar Ibrahim. Period. To prosecute a person in the absence of credible evidence is definitely tantamount to a prosecutorial misconduct and wastage of public funds.
The day that AG becomes the tool of the crooked politicians should have passed after the election tsunami in 2008.
Sunday, February 07, 2010
HATI-HATI PAS JANGAN SAMPAI RAKYAT MELUAT KEPADA KITA
OLEH : MOHAMED HANIPA MAIDIN
Tidak cukup dengan keputusan jawatankuasa disiplin yang memeningkan kita dan menjadi bahan ketawa abad ini, kini timbul semula isu muzakarah PAS dengan Umno.
Sekejap ada sekejap timbul. Sekejap ada sekejap timbul. Apa lagi kalau bukan muzakarah PAS dan Umno ? Sekejap UG, sekejap muzakarah. Sekejap muqabalah. lepas ini apa pula, kita pun tidak tahu. Saya yakin rakyat dah muak dengan isu ini. Jika saya tidak bersama PAS, sudah tentu saya orang pertama yang paling muak dan meluat dengan isu ini dan muak kepada kedua-dua parti politik yang membangkitkan isu ini.
Saya tidak boleh tegur Umno sebab dia bukan parti saya. Tapi saya ingin tegur pemimpin PAS. Kenapakah mereka tidak serik-serik membangkitkan isu ini sedangkan tiada angin tiada ribut. Bukankah lebih baik kalau kita gunakan pemikiran kita untuk perkuatkan Pakatan.
Saya rasa terpanggil ingin menegur pemimpin PAS tidak kira setinggi mana pun jawatan mereka dalam parti. Biarlah orang PAS marah saya daripada rakyat marah kepada PAS dan menghukum PAS selepas ini.
Cukuplah bangkitkan apa sahaja isu yang rakyat boleh hidu bahawa PAS dan Umno cuba nak berbaik. Takkan kita masih tidak kenal UMNO ! UG ke atau muzakarah ke bagi rakyat yang dah meluat dengan Umno , PAS dilihat sentiasa memberi nafas kepada Umno jika isu UG atau muqabalah atau muzakarah dibangkitkan.
Meluat rakyat ada hadnya. Jangan sampai PAS berani-berani menghampiri had itu. Jika rakyat meluat kepada kita, jangan marah mereka marahlah kepada diri kita sendiri !!!
Tidak cukup dengan keputusan jawatankuasa disiplin yang memeningkan kita dan menjadi bahan ketawa abad ini, kini timbul semula isu muzakarah PAS dengan Umno.
Sekejap ada sekejap timbul. Sekejap ada sekejap timbul. Apa lagi kalau bukan muzakarah PAS dan Umno ? Sekejap UG, sekejap muzakarah. Sekejap muqabalah. lepas ini apa pula, kita pun tidak tahu. Saya yakin rakyat dah muak dengan isu ini. Jika saya tidak bersama PAS, sudah tentu saya orang pertama yang paling muak dan meluat dengan isu ini dan muak kepada kedua-dua parti politik yang membangkitkan isu ini.
Saya tidak boleh tegur Umno sebab dia bukan parti saya. Tapi saya ingin tegur pemimpin PAS. Kenapakah mereka tidak serik-serik membangkitkan isu ini sedangkan tiada angin tiada ribut. Bukankah lebih baik kalau kita gunakan pemikiran kita untuk perkuatkan Pakatan.
Saya rasa terpanggil ingin menegur pemimpin PAS tidak kira setinggi mana pun jawatan mereka dalam parti. Biarlah orang PAS marah saya daripada rakyat marah kepada PAS dan menghukum PAS selepas ini.
Cukuplah bangkitkan apa sahaja isu yang rakyat boleh hidu bahawa PAS dan Umno cuba nak berbaik. Takkan kita masih tidak kenal UMNO ! UG ke atau muzakarah ke bagi rakyat yang dah meluat dengan Umno , PAS dilihat sentiasa memberi nafas kepada Umno jika isu UG atau muqabalah atau muzakarah dibangkitkan.
Meluat rakyat ada hadnya. Jangan sampai PAS berani-berani menghampiri had itu. Jika rakyat meluat kepada kita, jangan marah mereka marahlah kepada diri kita sendiri !!!
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